A case of HIV negative cryptococcal meningitis with antiphospholipid syndrome / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Cryptococcal meningitis has become the largest cause for the death of infectious diseases in the central nervous system infectious disease worldwide. Most patients with cryptococcal meningitis have AIDS, autoimmune diseases, hematologic malignancies, and some other relevant diseases. It is mainly caused by infection with

Trombosis biauricular masiva fatal en un paciente con sida y criptococosis meníngea / FATAL MASSIVE ATRIAL THROMBOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH AIDS AND MENINGEAL CRYTOCOCCOSIS

La trombosis auricular masiva impide el pasaje de la sangre a través del orificio mitral Un paciente de 39 años de edad, HIV positivo, con diagnóstico previo de criptococosis meníngea cumplía tratamiento antifúngico con fluconazol por vía oral, consulta por mialgias y dolor cervical. Fallece repentinamente 24 horas después de su internación. La necropsia determinó la presencia de una trombosis biauricular masiva. La criptococosis meníngea es una infección oportunista que se presenta en pacientes HIV positivos con inmunodeficiencia avanzada. Clínicamente se manifiesta por un síndrome meníngeo, por lo general incompleto, o sólo con persistencia de fiebre y cefalea, sin signos meníngeos. La letalidad de la criptococosis meníngea es elevada. La causa del fallecimiento obedece a una enfermedad no relacionada con el sida

Massive atrial thrombosis prevents passage of blood through the mitral orifice. A 39-year-old HIV-positive patient with previous diagnosis of meningeal cryptococcosis and receiving antifungal treatment with oral fluconazole, consults for myalgias and neck pain and dies suddenly 24 hours after admission. Necropsy determined the presence of massive biauricular thrombosis. Meningeal cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection that occurs in HIV-positive patients with severe immunodeficiency. Clinically it is manifested by an incomplete meningeal syndrome, or only with persistence of fever and headache, without meningeal signs. The lethality of meningeal cryptococcosis is high. The cause of the death is due to a disease not related to AIDS

Noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis

Mortality and adverse neurologic sequelae from HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (HIV-CM) remains high due to raised intracranial pressure (ICP) complications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) high opening pressure occurs in more than 50% of HIV-CM patients. Repeated lumbar puncture with CSF drainage and external lumbar drainage might be required in the management of these patients. Usually, there is a high grade of uncertainty and the basis for clinical decisions regarding ICP hypertension tends to be from clinical findings (headache, nausea and vomiting), a low Glasgow coma scale score, and/or fundoscopic papilledema. Significant neurological decline can occur if elevated CSF pressures are inadequately managed. Various treatment strategies to address intracranial hypertension in this setting have been described, including: medical management, serial lumbar punctures, external lumbar and ventricular drain placement, and either ventricular or lumbar shunting. This study aims to evaluate the role of a non-invasive intracranial pressure (ICP-NI) monitoring in a critically ill HIV-CM patient.

Visual evoked potentials show strong positive association with intracranial pressure in patients with cryptococcal meningitis / Potenciais evocados visuais mostram correlação positiva forte com a pressão intracraniana em pacientes com meningite criptocócica

Objective : To verify the relationship between intracranial pressure and flash visual evoked potentials (F-VEP) in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Method The sample included adults diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis admitted at a reference hospital for infectious diseases. The patients were subjected to F-VEP tests shortly before lumbar puncture. The Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was calculated and the linear regression analysis was performed. Results : Eighteen individuals were subjected to a total of 69 lumbar punctures preceded by F-VEP tests. At the first lumbar puncture performed in each patient, N2 latency exhibited a strong positive correlation with intracranial pressure (r = 0.83; CI = 0.60 - 0.94; p < 0.0001). The direction of this relationship was maintained in subsequent punctures. Conclusion : The intracranial pressure measured by spinal tap manometry showed strong positive association with the N2 latency F-VEP in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. .

Objetivo : Verificar a relação entre pressão intracraniana e potencial evocado visual por flash (PEV-F) em pacientes com meningite criptocócica. Método A amostra incluiu pacientes admitidos em um hospital de referência para doenças infecciosas. Realizou-se PEV-F antes de cada punção lombar. Calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e a equação de regressão linear entre as variáveis latência N2 e pressão intracraniana inferida através de raquimanometria. Resultados Dezoito pacientes foram submetidos a um total de 69 punções lombares. A latência N2 mostrou correlação positiva forte com a pressão de abertura verificada na primeira punção lombar a que cada paciente foi submetido (r = 0,83; IC = 0,60 – 0,94; p < 0,0001). A positividade da correlação foi mantida nas aferições subsequentes. Conclusão Houve associação positiva forte entre a latência N2 do PEV-F e pressão intracraniana em pacientes com meningite criptocócica. .

A Case of Cryptococcal Meningitis Mimicking Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Patient with Liver Cirrhosis Caused by Chronic Hepatitis C / 대한소화기학회지

Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated fungus, is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause meningitis in immunocompromised patients. Since patients with cryptococcemia have high mortality, it is essential to make an early diagnosis and promptly initiate antifungal therapy. However, it is often very difficult to differentiate between cryptococcal meningitis and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis, and there is delay in making the diagnosis. Therefore, these patients have a particularly grave prognosis and consequently many patients die before culture results become available. In one study, starting antifungal therapy within 48 hours of the blood culture was associated with improved survival, but patients with liver cirrhosis were significantly less likely to receive antifungal therapy within 48 hours compared to those without liver cirrhosis. Recently, the authors experience a case of a 68-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis who presented with fever and a drowsy mental status. She had a previous history of having been admitted for infection-associated hepatic encephlopathy. Cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcemia were diagnosed by spinal puncture and culture of cerebrospinal fluid. In spite of adequate treatment, the patient developed multi-system organ failure and eventually expired. Herein, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis mimicking hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with liver cirrhosis.

Acelularidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo como factor pronóstico adverso en meningitis criptocóccica / Acellularity of cerebrospinal fluid as adverse prognostic factor in cryptococcal meningitis

Introducción: las enfermedades oportunistas, y dentro de ellas la meningitis criptocóccica en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, constituyen causa mayor de letalidad en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: identificar factores de mal pronóstico como la acelularidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) para individualizar medidas terapéuticas encaminadas al logro de una mayor supervivencia y calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Métodos: se estudió la celularidad de todos los LCR de los 170 casos de Bojanala, North West, ingresados en el Hospital Provincial de Rustenburg, South África por meningitis criptocóccica desde mayo de 2001 hasta abril de 2004. Se interrelacionó el número de células blancas del LCR con la letalidad intrahospitalaria, seropositividad al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y nivel de linfocitos T4. Resultados: se detectó una asociación altamente significativa entre acelularidad basal del LCR y riesgo a morir, y significativa con progresión lineal de mayor mortalidad en los casos con descenso evolutivo del número de células blancas en sucesivos LCR. Se constató un alto índice de letalidad (36,5 por ciento)por meningitis criptocóccica. No hubo diferencias significativas entre acelularidad y letalidad en pruebas de comparación de grupos acorde al nivel de linfocitos T4 y a la confirmación o no de la seropositividad al VIH. Conclusiones: tanto la acelularidad basal como la progresión descendente evolutiva del número de células blancas del LCR constituyen herramientas útiles para la predicción del riesgo a morir por meningitis criptocóccica

Introduction: opportunistic diseases, and among them, cryptococcal meningitis in immune-compromised patients, are a major cause of lethality in developing countries Objective: to identify mal prognostic factors such as acellularity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify therapeutic measures aimed to achieve improved survival and quality of life of these patients. Methods: cellularity was studied in all CSF of the 170 cases in Bojanala, North West, who were admitted to the Rustenburg Provincial Hospital, South Africa for cryptococcal meningitis from May 2001 to April 2004. The number of CSF white cell with hospital mortality, seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and level of T4 lymphocytes were interrelated. Results: a highly significant association was found between baseline CSF acellularity and risk of death, and significant linear progression of increased mortality in patients with developmental decline in the number of white cells in successive CSF. A high fatality rate (36.5 percent) for cryptococcal meningitis was also found. No significant differences was found between acellularity and lethality tests comparing groups according to the level of T4 lymphocytes and the confirmation or otherwise of HIV seropositivity. Conclusions: both basal acellularity and evolutionary downward progression of the number of CSF white cells are useful tools for predicting the risk of death for cryptococcal meningitis

Cryptococcoma of the brain in an immunocompetent man.

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic systemic disease in immunocompromised patients. Pulmonary or brain cryptococcosis is the most common clinical presentation. Immunocompetent patients can also be affected, especially in tropical and subtropical zones where the life cycle of the causal agent, Cryptococcus gattii, is completed. We present a previously healthy man with progressive intracranial hypertension and a right paraventricular mass on CT scan and MRI. Cryptococcus gattii yeasts were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed and the patient was treated with amphotericin B, fluconazole and dexamethasone. The patient died due to severe intracranial hypertension.

Cryptococcal meningitis associated with tuberculosis in HIV infected patients.

Summary: Opportunistic infections are common complications of advanced immuno-deficiency in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Following involvement of the lung, the central nervous system (CNS) is the second most commonly affected organ. We report two cases of concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis (TB) in HIV infected persons. A high suspicion of multiple opportunistic infections should be kept in mind in HIV seropositive individuals.

Criptococosis meníngea y lupus eritematoso sistémico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Cryptococcal meningitis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review

Cryptococcal meningitis is an uncommon but well-known and frequently fatal complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The clinical manifestations are unspecific and frequently are confused with lupus activity. A patient with cryptococcal meningitis and SLE, who responded well to amphotericin deoxycolate therapy, is reported. In a review through MEDLINE of the Spanish and English literature, 57 cases of SLE and cryptococcal meningitis were found. Simultaneous presentation of both diseases has been reported in only three cases. This temporal coexistence suggests that specific underlying immune defects associated with SLE directly predisposes to mycotic infections.

La meningitis por Cryptococcu neoformans es una inusual pero reconocida fatal complicación en los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Se presenta con un cuadro clínico inespecífico y frecuentemente se confunde con la actividad lúpica. Se reporta un caso de un paciente diagnosticado con meningitis por C. neoformans, al comienzo de LES, que fue tratada satisfactoriamente con anfotericina B deoxicolato. En la revisión de la literatura en español e inglés a través de MEDLINE, se encontró que han sido reportados 57 casos de pacientes con LES y criptococosis meníngea, de los cuales hay solamente 3 casos cuya infección se presentó simultáneamente con el LES. La presentación simultánea de criptococosis meníngea y LES enfatiza la posibilidad de que defectos inmunológicos intrínsecos en pacientes con LES sean los directamente responsables de la predisposición a adquirir infecciones micóticas.

Anfotericina B deoxicolato: experiencia terapeútica en Criptococosis meningea en pacientes VIH adultos del Hospital Carlos van Buren / Anphotericin B deoxicolate, therapeutic experience in meningeal cryptococcosis in a VIH adult patients of Carlos Van Buren Hospital

La anfotericina B es un antifúngico ampliamente usado en infecciones sistémicas por hongos levaduriformes y filamentosos, entre ellas las meningitis por Cryptococcus neoformans. Sus reacciones adversas pueden ser inmediatas o dosis y tiempo dependiente. En nuestro trabajo en el hospital C. van Buren de Valparaíso, se revisaron 27 fichas de pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (24 hombres y 3 mujeres). El principal síntoma de la meningitis por Crytococcus fue la cefalea (96,3 por ciento). En 25 casos hubo confirmación con tinta china y/o cultivo. Durante el tratamiento con anfotericina B la hipokalemia fue la reacción adversa que se presento con mayor frecuencia (83 por ciento) y la nefrotoxicidad en un 59,1 por ciento. La dosis acumulada administrada fue en promedio 525 mg, suspendiendo generalmente su administración cuando se lograba una mejoría clínica junto a esterilidad del LCR (tinta china y/o cultivo negativo). Un 33,3 por ciento de los pacientes con diagnostico de meningitis por C. neoformans falleció por distintas complicaciones.

Amphotericin B is a antifungal drug widely used in systemic infections by filamentous and levaduriform fungi, as in meningitis by Cryptococcus neoformans. Its adverse reactions can be immediate or dose and time dependent. In our paper, 27 patient files were reviewed in C. van Buren hospital of Valparaíso and all of them met the criteria for inclusion (24 men and 3 women). In 96.3 percent of cases, headaches were the main symptom of meningitis caused by Cryptococcus. Twenty five cases were confirmed by the use of chinese ink and/or by culture. During the treatment with amphotericin B, the most frequent changes were hypokalemia (83 percent) and nefrotoxicity in 59.1 percent. The average of cumulative dose administered was 525 mg and was suspended when a clinical recovery was achieved next to a sterile cefalorraquid liquid (negative to chinese ink and/or culture). 33.3 percent of the patients diagnosed with meningitis by C. neoformans died due to different complications.

Prevalence of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis and utility of microbiological determinants for its diagnosis in a tertiary care center.

CONTEXT: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to be the most important risk factor for the development of central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcosis, which in turn is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Early diagnosis of such patients is the key to their therapeutic success. AIMS: This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of CNS cryptococcosis and to assess the role of microbiological parameters for its specific diagnosis in HIV-reactive hospitalized patients admitted with meningeal signs in a tertiary care setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 104 patients suspected to be suffering from meningitis/meningoencephalitis were subjected to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis (including India ink preparation, culture by conventional methods and Bactec MGIT 960 system, antigen detection) and tests for HIV antibodies by standard laboratory operating procedures. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV infection in our study group was 12.5% (13/104), while the prevalence of cryptococcal CNS infection in HIV-reactive cohort was 46% (6/13). Additionally, 15.3% (2/13) of the patients from this cohort were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of cryptococcal CNS infections in HIV-infected patients underscores the importance of precise and early microbiological diagnosis for better management of such patients.

Mortality & clinical characteristics of hospitalized adult patients with HIV in Pune, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In India, data regarding mortality and clinical characteristics of hospitalized HIV-infected patients are sparse, which may limit the effectiveness of new hospital-based HIV programmes providing antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of our study was to determine mortality and clinical characteristics of hospitalized HIV-infected individuals in a high HIV prevalence region of India. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done of known HIV-infected adults admitted to the Medical Service of a large, public hospital in Pune, India, from January 2002 to November 2003. RESULTS: A total of 655 HIV-infected patients were identified; 489 (74.7%) were male and 4 (0.6%) were on ART. The most common illnesses reported were tuberculosis (55.8%), diarrhoea (4.2%), and alcoholic liver disease (3.7%) . The inpatient mortality was 172 (26.3%). The most common causes of death of the 172 people were tuberculosis (52.9%) and cryptococcal meningitis (7.6%). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased mortality were male sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.92, 95% CI: 1.08-3.41), haemoglobin level < 7 g/dl (AOR 2.75, 95% CI:1.23-6.14), length of stay < 2 days (OR 5.78, 95%, CI: 1.82-18.4), and cryptococcal meningitis (OR 4.44, 95% CI:1.19-16.6). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: In the era prior to widespread ART, a high inpatient mortality of 26 per cent was found among hospitalized HIV-infected individuals. Thus, while hospitalization is an important access and referral point for HIV care and treatment, earlier identification of HIV-infected persons must occur to ensure they will optimally benefit from the government's ART programme.

Seizure in non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis.

OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the prevalence of seizure in non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The records of non-HIV adult patients (age >15 years) diagnosed as cryptococcal meningitis in Srinagarind Hospital (Khon Kaen University) from 1990 to 1994 were reviewed All subjects were studied for the rate, pattern, and long-term result ofseizure. RESULTS: There were 105 cases. Eight patients (7.6%) had seizures at initial presentation. The pattern of seizure of six patients was generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTC) and the others were focal seizure. Only one case still had seizures after treatment with conventional therapy of cryptococcal meningitis. At ten years follow up, ten cases had died, one patient still had seizures (the same case that had seizures after treatment) and one case with developed GTC after improvement of meningitis. CONCLUSION: GTC was the common pattern of seizure in non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis and mostly controlled by standard regimen of therapy for cryptococcal meningitis without any antiepileptic drugs.

Cryptococcal meningitis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The occurrence of cryptococcal meningitis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), despite being immunosuppresed state is uncommon. We report a 28-year gentleman in the maintenance treatment phase of ALL developing cryptococcal meningitis. The diagnosis was made by positive India ink staining and detection of cryptola antigen by latex agglutination. The patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B. The rarity of this condition in ALL is briefly discussed.

Postmortem pathology of opportunistic infection in a HIV positive patient--a case report.

An autopsy case of HIV positive patient with multiple opportunistic infections is described. We received heart, lungs, spleen and both the kidneys along with pieces of cerebrum for anatomy and histopathological examination. Histology of organs revealed disseminated non-granulomatous necrotizing type of tissue reaction with superadded infection with Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) in liver and brain. Pneumocysts carini (P. carini) induced pneumonia in lungs, disseminated mycobacterial infection in spleen, lungs, liver and kidneys and acute fibrinous meningitis with superadded infection with C. neoformans in brain. Special stains were carried out to demonstrate different organisms.